Parenting and Child Abuse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 858 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? As adults, we dream of having kids, but we know this comes with responsibilities. One big step we deal with as parents is the task of discipline how we are going to teach our children to do right not wrong. Some parents use moral ethics, values, and love. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Parenting and Child Abuse" essay for you Create order More parents could benefit from disciplining their kids in a more productive way for example being the authoritative parent, those who provide only the best combination of love and discipline but is not overbearing, the parent is compassionate yet firm in authority. They have clear boundaries however are terribly caressing. But there are others parents that use aggression, spanking and the use of profanity and forget the importance of effective discipline. They become the neglectful parent. The parent that doesnt express much love and doesnt really care enough for the childs needs or discipline. The parents neglect may be due to their own trauma and chaos, like an addiction. Children should not be emotionally or physically disciplined for three reasons. First off if you choose to be a parent it would lead us to think we want to be the best parent we can be. But today you have ineffective parenting and is controversial and polarizing as stated by (Ellen Bass) because not all parents have the required parenting skill that is necessary to raise a child in a positive environment throughout their entire childhood. Lack of parenting skills can lead to poor social development and with this, the child, in the long run, will have a very hard time adapting into society. It is very important that parents remain alert while raising their kids and should get rid of any attributes that lead to ineffective parenting. If not, it will develop into neglect. We all know children always look to feel secure, especially with their parents. Parents should be careful to avoid any situation that may make their kid feel unwanted. Responsible parents will always try hard to keep their children safe. Ignorance from the parents side would make the child feel lonely and abandoned. Some parents abuse their kids physically by hitting them and by not caring whether they eat or bathe themselves then you also got many who abuse their kids verbally yelling and by using profanity to put their kids down. There is many who feel violence will help set child straight but its not true. Both have a long-term negative impact on the growth of the child. As parents we have the right to correct our children, but we must be careful about the body language we display and the language in which we speak with. Is important that as parents we avoid being harsh with children. We should handle children with respect and with a delicate touch for it becomes a form of negle ct once aggression is involved. These three reasons need to be stopped why the need to neglect, physical abuse and verbally abuse children we must come to the realization that its inhumane. Being inhumane is the worst thing we can become as parents or as human beings because as a child most of us are taught to love, respect and cherish one and another to learn and grow in a harmonious atmosphere. Although some children grow under unfortunate circumstances this does not mean we have to act inhumanely. According to the Bible (The Student Bible New International Version) we need to learn to love everybody. There are parents who get a sense of pleasure out of treating children abusively. There are parents who, having been raised in strict and abusive environments end up repeating the pattern and the mistakes their parents did when they become parents themselves. The truth is there are many cases where parents dont have compassion for their children, they feel their children bring them misery, so they make their children suffer and this is cruel and inhumane. The reality is we dont need to live in a world where our children cant be safe there are ways to stop the neglect and the ineffective parenting. We cant expect children to predict with accuracy what will happen if they misbehave. We can, however, prepare ourselves to deal with the child in a positive manner. Like do you spend time each day with your children engaging in meaningful activity or conversations? Do we take time to talk through misunderstandings and misbehaviors when we are calm and level-headed? By practicing these few things, we can stop being inhumane but to do this we must come together as a community and if we see something, we know isnt right report it because you must imagine yourself in that childs shoes wouldnt you want to be helped if you were that child. We dont have to be abusive in any way with children as parents to get a point across all they need is guidance and love. Children deserve respect too. Works Cited Chip, Ingram. Effective child discipline. Tyndale House Publishers , 2018. Ellen, Bass. The Courage to Heel. Collins Living , 1988. Siegel, Daniele J. No Drama Discipline . New York : Random House Publishing , 2016. The Student Bible New International Version. Student Bible. Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1986.

The Theory Of Leadership And Its Influence On The...

Introduction: Leadership has been defined in various ways according to different schools of thoughts and approaches in which the concept has been looked at, but the general ideas that leadership is about the effective vision drawing, planning for achieving the goals, motivating people towards the pre-determined achievements, monitoring the performance, reviewing the results of past agendas and ability to avoid shortcomings if present. There are several theories of leadership depending on the approaches of the person in leading. These are â€Å"Great Man† or trait theory, position –function of the leader, power relationship – effect on group behaviour and the leadership from the influence on the organisational culture. Trait theories focuses†¦show more content†¦The situational leadership theory is one of the theories that consider the leader function which suggests that there is no â€Å"one size fits all† approach to leadership. Depending on the situation, varying levels of â€Å"leadership† and â€Å"management† are necessary. However, leaders must first identify their most important tasks or priorities. Second, leaders must consider the readiness level of their followers by analysing the group’s ability and willingness. Depending on the level of these variables, leaders must apply the most appropriate leadership style to fit the given situation. Among the theories that suggest the role of a leader to promote the organisational group behaviours the Fred Fielder model which has introduced in 1960s and called the ‘contingency theory of leadership† in which the main idea of this early theory is that leadership effectiveness (in terms of group perfor mance) depends on the interaction of two factors: the leader s task or relations motivations and aspects of the situation. This is measured through the Least Preferred Co-worker scale (LPC) which has been set up to measure the leaders to identify a an individual they work with least well and to characterize this individual with ratings on a series of 8-point bipolarShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theory And Organizational Culture1361 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The role of leadership has evolved over the years. Early leadership theories focused on the characteristics of the leader and have shifted to focus on the leader’s behavior, skills and style. Emerging leadership theories continued to shift focus to team leadership and subordinate motivation. Organizational culture is exists in all organizations and influences the work environment. Researchers have studied leadership and organizational culture individually; however there have been less focusRead MoreOrganizational Behavior That Affect The Organization And Employee Performance1495 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary The current report focuses on the organizational behaviour that affect the organization and employee performance. Organizational behaviour is one of the segments existing in the business process, which is certain to change. It can be added that study of organizational behaviour relates to the desired behaviour of an individual in the organization. Organizational behaviour consists of people, approach, technology, work culture and other significant elements. The current report focusesRead MoreFactors Influencing Organizational Behavior And The Organization1123 Words   |  5 PagesFactor Influencing Organizational Behavior Student Name Course Name Course Code Introduction The study of human behavior in organizational settings, the interface between human behavior and the organization and the organization itself is known as Organizational Behavior. The study of organizational behavior can be divided into three levels: †¢ Micro Level – Individuals in an organization †¢ Meso Level – Work Groups †¢ Macro Level – How organizations behave It was observed by ChesterRead MoreImpact of Structure on Organizations891 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizations Impact of organizational structure There are several factors that influence organizations activity, presence within the business environment, and success on the market. Such a factor is represented by their organizational structure. This organizational structure refers to the hierarchy within the organization, to the lines of authority and communication, to the rights, but also to the limits of competence within the organization. The organizational structure influences the assignation, theRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Leadership Development1275 Words   |  6 Pagesprogressively generate business associations with organizations whose cultures are different, employees may work with others who hold different views of what establishes effective functioning in an organization, and what relationships are existent between organizational factors and workplace effectiveness (Kwantes and Boglarsky, 2007). Knowing the importance of leadership in modern-day organizations, it is not shocking that leadership development gets the biggest percentage distribution from trainingRead MoreLeadership And Culture Of The Field Of Organizational Leadership1058 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership and Culture Ethical Leadership According to research theories in the field of organizational leadership, â€Å"powerful leaders can have substantial impact on the lives of followers and the fate of an organization† (Yukl, 2006, p.340). Nevertheless, Heifetz (1994) points out, â€Å"there is no ethically neutral ground for theories of leadership, because they always involve values and implicit assumptions about proper forms of influence. The complexity of issues surrounding ethical and unethicalRead MoreSituational Leadership Theory And Organizational Leadership1660 Words   |  7 PagesSituational Leadership Theory and Organizational Leadership Why are some employees happier and more satisfied with their work environment than others? Why are some teams within the same organization more productive than others? How can you get subordinates to trust your decisions, readily cooperate with others and follow your lead? The answer to these questions boils down to one thing; effective leadership. For our purpose, effective leadership can be defined as the art of influencing individualsRead MoreOrganizational Structures And Organizational Structure1717 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational structures classify the manner in which activities, including job allocation, coordination, and management are planned in order to achieve organizational goals (Janićijević, 2011; Matis, 2014). Structures help define organizational culture and contribute to how individuals perceive the organization’s culture. Many models and theories provide insight and guidance on ways an organization’s culture can be modified (JaniĆ¡ijević, 2011; Matis, 2014). Organizational Structures All organizationsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Organizational Behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It does this by taking a system approach. That is, it interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organization, and whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives. Organizations are social inventions for accomplishingRead MoreLeading Employees Of Different Cultural Backgrounds1266 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors as well as conditions that could influence the management’s style which includes personal traits of the leader, characteristics of work culture that is prevalent in that given organization. Organization’s culture is nothing but the norm in which how the leadership decides to promote its employees and how will be able to divert more attention from employees as followers. Researches state that the leader has to create and manage the organizational behavior, it is considered as the unique talent

Classic Airlines and Marketing Free Essays

Classic Airlines and Marketing MKT/571 – Marketing September 17, 2012 Classic Airlines and Marketing Classic Airlines, the fifth largest airline carrier, currently serves 240 cities with more than 2,300 daily flights. However, Classic Airlines has experienced over the past three years a decline in their frequent flier program Classic Rewards along with customer confidence declining as well and stock prices has decreased by 10% according to University of Phoenix, 2012. Marketing is assigned the task of revamping the customer loyalty program and increasing membership while operating under a 15% reduction in expenses across the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Classic Airlines and Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The challenges that the marketing management is faced with include a downward turn of morale among the employees; retaining and recruiting of new members for Classic Rewards, and the lack of support from upper management. Marketing management is the process of â€Å"creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders† (Kotler Keller, 2006, p. 6). Identifying Marketing Challenges The marketing management team has identified that the majority (60%) of its Reward membership are at the basic tier, 25% are on the Silver Rewards level, and only 15% are Gold Rewards members. Of these members 80% are business travelers with the remaining 20% leisure travelers. With this information, marketing instituted surveys to determine what the needs of the members are. The replies from the business traveler ranged from the dislike for connections and delays, the desire for quality service, and the idea that the frequent flier points are the result of the airline’s investment in the customer. Whereas, the leisure traveler is more interested in lower air fare and is more willing to have more connections if it will save the traveler money. Strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of Classic Airlines top three competitors—British Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and United Airlines—were completed by John Hartman, Senior Vice President of Human Resources. Based on the SWOT analysis, all three competitors have a strong and successful loyalty program. A common weakness between the three companies is the union at each airline. An opportunity recognized by the three companies is the customers’ needs are constantly changing and the airline industry is rebounding. Fuel and equipment along with competition are considered weaknesses by the three organizations. Gathering input from the Classic Rewards members was the responsibility of Renee Epson, Senior Vice President of Customer Service. Interviews of 500 Gold and Platinum Classic Rewards members revealed that advertising campaigns are failing in conveying an accurate and meaningful picture of the airline. In regard to the Classic reward program only 30% were either satisfied or very satisfied with the program and upgrades available. When asked if the members flew on other airlines, all categories excluding those who fly seven to 12 times a year responded that they flew other airlines more often than Classic Airlines. Only 8% have been Classic Rewards members for more than five years with the majority been members for one to three years. Strategic Planning The marketing management team has been performing strategic planning to implement a value chain. A value chain states Kotler and Keller, (2006), â€Å"identifies nine strategically relevant activities that create value and cost in a specific business† (p. 38). The team has identified opportunities, weaknesses, strengths, and threats for Classic Airlines’ competitors and through surveys and interviews for Classic Airlines. The identification of the concerns of the Rewards program members enables the marketing team to address these concerns and implement recommendations for improving the Classic Rewards program. This is part of the new offering realization program that enables Classic Airlines to develop and implement new high-quality products while remaining within the budget. Another part of the value chain is the identification of new markets to attract new customers. Classic Airlines needs to rebuild its customer relationship management process this in turn will improve relationships and understanding with both internal and external customers. Conclusion Classic Airlines marketing management is working on improving the organization’s rewards program while remaining within the budget that has a 15% decrease with the result of increasing the profits. A major challenge for the marketing management team is the lack of support from upper management. However, the team has begun the strategic planning of implementing a value chain method. The use of a SWOT analysis, surveys, and interviews of current customers has provided the team with an insight of the issues that must be addressed. Marketing is a process of delivering value to its customers while managing customers’ relationships and producing revenue and profit for the company and its stakeholders. References Kotler, P. , Keller, K. (2006). Marketing Management (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix. (2012). Scenario: Classic Airlines. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MKT571-Marketing website How to cite Classic Airlines and Marketing, Essay examples

The Offense Balance in Cyberspace-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: How will Artificial Intelligence Shift the Offense-Defense Balance in Cyberspace? Answer: Introduction Technology is continuously evolving, cyber-attacks and cyber security also being advanced and evolving at the same pace as technology. Cybersecurity threats graphs are continuously increasing and most of the threats generally become undetectable unless it harms in the real world. For a general human, it is a very complex matter to analyse all the data saved in the system[1]. This report focuses on the role of Artificial Intelligence in balancing the Offense and Defense in cyberspace. AI is not a very new technology as robots have been around since 1950's of which, many practical applications are available in our daily life. This report presents the objectives related to the cybersecurity and emphasizes on cyberattacks those are becoming a common factor for the data and information saved in the system either offline or online. The Internet has become an integral part of the life living for almost every human being and saving data or information on the internet makes them vulnerable to cyberattacks. This report presents an idea of how AI could change the face of the cybersecurity and contribute to the Defense through a debate. Watson, GoogleDeepmind, and Showan are some of the examples of AI those are contributing to enhancing the cybersecurity. The Offense-Defence Balance (ODB) theory has been discussed in this report with regard to the international stability and how AI could be implemented and used for the good cause. Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cyberspace Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy defined this as, The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It can be described as a way of making the software, computer, and computer-controlled robot much smarter, similar to the human intelligence. Various researchers are trying to implement such thinking for decades and success is leading to various attempts[2]. It can be described as the mixture of Philosophy, computer science, neuron science, biology, psychology, math, and sociology. There are various applications of AI in the current world including games, expert systems, speech recognition, natural language processing, intelligent robots, handwriting recognition and much more[3]. Artificial Intelligence (AI) could act as a boon for such issues and could help in analysing a very wide range of data in very less time as compared to the data processed by humans.Offense-Defense in cyberspace is another concerning topic related to the virtual computer world t hat could be overcome by Artificial intelligence[4]. Following graph shows the growth in the investment in AI technology for the cybersecurity in future: Figure 1: Rate of growing investment in AI for Cybersecurity (Source: Kishor, 2017) Cyberspace Cyberspace can be defined as the virtual world for the computers or an electronic medium that could be used from a global computer network in a manner to accomplish online communication. The world computes operating TCP/IP protocol, which contributes to the large virtual computer network in a manner to aid the data exchange and communication between the computers[5]. It can also be described as a platform for the virtual and interactive environment for a wide range of participants. Offense Defence Strategy The most common application of AI could be seen in Google search engine other than virtual gaming, Big Data, Data Mining, military weapons, etc. AI is advancing every technology anyone could think of. Various features of the cyberspace suggest that AI has been used for offense more, over the Defense and following are some the considerations on which these objectives depends: Key Vulnerabilities: Vulnerabilities in the systems are the main cause behind every cyberattack as malicious coding, malware, viruses and other similar threats can only be executed if there is any vulnerability in the system. Other general factors can be related to the flaws in the software or if the intruder gets access to the network[6]. Technically, it can be said that it is impossible for any programmer or IT specialist to rule out flaws in the design of the software and in practical life, it is unfeasible to detach the computer from the network. One of the major characteristics of cyber defense can be stated as it changes much rapidly, which could lead to unanticipated and catastrophic consequences[7]. Offense progress is more rapid than Defense: Cyberspace is not a natural objective or phenomenon rather it has resulted from the technological revolution[8]. Technology is being continuously evolved and so the features of the cyberspace, offense-defense balance also being evolved. It can be seen that offense and defense both are developing and improving, and the constant upgrades in hardware and software is one of the major causes for this. However, the rate of the growth in defense is lagging the development of the offense. Slayyton (2017) stated, Offense-Defense curves at levels which characterize that todays cyberspace favours the offense. That is, another dollars worth of offense requires far more than another dollars worth of defence to restore prior levels of security[9]. Following graph can depicts the role of AI in offense defense strategy: Figure 2: Role of AI in Offense-Defense strategy (Source: Riley, 2017) Attribution is Difficult: The cyberattacks could be executed from a very far distance via the internet, which makes it difficult to identify the main culprit behind the offense penetration. Considering the fact that, a handful of people are needed to plan and execute such attacks, and the government might clearly deny from such responsibilities[10]. For instance, the attack which was executed on Estonian websites in 2007, in which botnets were used to deliver DoS attack, in which various requests showed the involvement of Kremlin in the attack. However, there was no concrete evidence that they carried out the attack and arguments became plausible[11]. Offense-defense system is not directly affected by the difficulty in attribution but indirectly it supports the offense as it nourished, that the attack could be carried out without any punishment. Cyberspace is currently a Defence Dominant Domain Cyberspace has become the favorite platform for the intrusion and breaches because a good programmer could use the same machine learning and manipulate the system for their own purpose easily, and could target a bigger prey. Technology is evolving with rapid speed than any other innovation and cyberattacks are the threats that are not going towards an end any soon. Artificial Intelligence could play a major role in guarding the systems and preventing such intrusions. Artificial intelligence could be helpful in detecting the advancing threat, shortening the response times for the defense and refining the techniques that might be helpful in differentiating between the actions that must be ignored, and dreadful efforts for compromising the security[12]. Some examples of offense that could affect the individuals in the globe could be stated, as firstly, one the most devastating cyberattacks was Ransomware, using WannaCry as a malware, which affected most of the multinational companies, h ospitals, federals and many other places. This attack had been expected to be started on May 12, 2017. Secondly, national cyber incident response centre reported that hospital clinics in the UK were affected by a malware called Bad Rabbit. Many other federals systems were shut down and most of the organizations were not able to function well[13]. There are many other threats including the hacking of IoT devices those should be considered while talking about cybersecurity and Artificial Intelligence[14]. IoT devices are the general application of machine learning. Certain unwanted activities have shown that these are very easy subjects to be manipulated. Artificial intelligence will take no time in responding to such situations those might be detected as a threat element for the system. Harknett and Nyre in 2017, stated that before AI, it was being assumed that ninety percent of the data is fine as there was bandwidth to analyse only ten percent of the data. Many human labours could be saved using artificial intelligence, as AI mimics what a proper analyst would do[15]. In the current situation, IBM is also investing into Artificial Intelligence for the security using the cognitive computing platform. The company is contributing by making Watson much advanced and well-read through a wide range of security research. Currently, about fifty customers are using Watson in a manner to gain more information about the analytic platforms and security intelligence[16]. Watson is an example how AI could play a vital role in contributing to defense in an efficient and effective manner, with minimum time consumption. It was reported by IBM that AI used in Watson, could be helpful in performing investigation process for the bugs and glitches, sixty times faster than any human investigator[17]. This could lead to the solution from a complex analysis of any incident that could take a minute or an hour, which is way less time than what a programmer would take. AI with machine learning, could be the futuristic technology, whose evolvement is at a high pace and leading to the rapidness in the laborious process of data sorting, and comparing it based on the calculations and other circumstances[18]. Aiming at the quantum computing is another important aspect that will be helpful in ensuring that no stone is left unturned, and every data is well processed and evaluated. Computers are generally represented in zeroes and ones, AI could make it much easy through quantum computing by executing both, but neither at the same time. Quantum computing enables the users to look into every piece of the haystack through machine knowledge and explore the threat or bugs that might affect the security of the system. Examples of Artificial Intelligence Several experiments are still going on, if AI is used in, many advances then it might cause damage. An example could be taken from the Transformers' movie that states how high level of AI (Skynet) could cause damage. However, there are the many examples of AI technology that could contribute to balancing the cyber offense defense as cybersecurity is the most concerning objective related to the technology innovation nowadays. IBM, MIT, Google and many other big companies are continuously introducing the technologies implemented with AI and allowing more applications for this technology[19]. Showan, IBMs Watson, and Googles Deepmind are some of the examples that are contributing in securing the virtual world. Artificial intelligence collects the information related to the actions and activities of the commands through using Intelligent Automation (IA)[20]. Classic automation is another process, which is the technology that contributes to the machine learning and allows the machine to u nderstand the best probability of the actions. However, intelligent automation is a different objective related to the classic automation that could be helpful for machines in eliminating the unscaleable and expensive human intelligence without eliminating the factors related to the reliability or quality of the process. Merat and Amuhdati (2015) presented a paper emphasizing on Showan, as the artificial intelligence application in a manner to improve the cyber security in the virtual computer field[21]. They have introduced that machine learning can be understood as different types of computing processes and it can be mapped within a multitasking environment. Showan is software modelling and mapping paradigm that has been developed in a manner to characterize and learn the behaviour of the systems concerning the cyber security awareness against several concurrent threats[22]. Like other AI applications at its earlier stage, it was not much efficient, later on as the data storage wa s improved, the machine learning goes on enhancing and the calculations and upgrades resulted in an efficient technology. The aim was to develop a process that could be contended with more than one concurrent thread during the task performance[23]. This enables large data being transferred with a minimum time delay with the help of the machine learning and without compromising the security of the systems. Offense Defence Theory for International Stability Critics and Proponents of the Offense Defence Balance (ODB) hypothesis are generally concerned with international stability remarking as topical issues including the war inception, escalation, and security dilemma. The relative or assumed strength of defense over offense or offense over the defense of a country can lead towards opposite outcomes for the arguments related to these phenomena[24]. Considering the facts when conquests and the attack are held to be far easy than protection of the subjected target, theory of ODB can be helpful in predicting the common systematic outcomes that could be a security dilemma, possibilities of war to be happened, and tendency to increase the aims of the war[25]. Regarding the policies and strategies of the ODB implementation, there are various ways and they could be convinced that the offense has more advantage over the defense; the attackers might tend to perpetrate pre-emptive attacks. However, considering the facts related to the defense is easier than offense, "states have more incentives in a manner to compromise, embark on binding strategies and even engage in disarmament policies. Regarding the international stability, it is important to concern on the defense regardless of the offense, as the offense will only lead towards the destruction and loss of different countries properties (Kremmer and Muller 2013). The defense will always focus on eliminating the factors related to the threat to the system's data and information and this will be helpful in creating international peace. Most of the offense system targets on the subjects related to different countries in a manner to affect the stability and economic of that country and some of the governments support the attackers and try to protect them. This could also happen to the same country and the attackers might be protected by the affected country, however, there is not any profit in such intrusions and will only destroy the properties of those countries[26]. The defense strategy will not help the different countries in protecting their internal properties; rather it will also help in protecting the threats from outside the country and will ensure peace among them. Most of the countries' military is spending a lot of money in implementing AI into the weapons in a manner to make them much advanced and for a mass destruction. However, as stated above spending on offense will only lead to the wastage of money and stability will always be unbalanced. Cyberspace has a dual nature such as soft and hard, or virtual and real that is results in a peculiar battleground for the cyber programmers and target highly paying preys. Here different attackers attempt for the different purposes including disruptive processes such as destroying physical infrastructure. Another aspect related to the ODB can be stated as equally peculiar, is the centrality for the internet for the non-military and the military actors. Regardless of the difference between the non-military and military actors, they use either same software or hardware for the networks. (Abraham and Biddle 2016) stated, "the result is two-fold: on the one hand, cyber-threats can take the form of either criminal activities or acts of war just depending on the target of the attack[27]." The source of the threats related to the ODB varies conspicuously that range from the hackers, intelligent services, or to terrorists. Cyberattacks include unauthorized access to data and information through advance coding that makes the cyber espionage and other unauthorized tracking or monitoring system a cyberattacks too. No matter what the purpose is but, accessing the data or information related to the individual without having properly authorized access can be put in the category of cyber attacks. Companies facing cyberattacks can be represented in following graph: Figure 3: Share of companies facing cyberattacks (Source: Riley, 2017) The complexity of comparison between the offense and defense theory could be minimized if the attention has been drawn on both objectives separately while discussing the terms related to the ODB theory. Equally important, it is easier to assess their relative costs, as the main purpose of the action is not to control a territory but to compromise/ensure the effectiveness of a system or network[28].Considering the traditional war domains, it could be stated that it is probably impossible for measuring the ODB as if it were an equation. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that AI could be used as either an offense or a defense system that depends on how the application will be carried out. This report mainly focused on defense dominant domain of the AI in cybersecurity. Cybersecurity and national security are the two very vast and sensitive chapters for a human being and combining the thinking capability of a human being with the quantum computing strength of the computer could result in overcoming such shortcomings. AI could evaluate every haystack of data and information saved in the database in much easy and with very less time consumption that makes it a reliable technology. Despite so many advantages, there are certain issues with the AI as nothing is perfect in this world and AI could be used as an offensive system. Using AI for the offense could result in mass destruction and the intruder could easily operate such unwanted actions from the very far distance and easily get away with any law allegatio ns. AI is not only being used for the defense purpose however, even the government is using it in the offense in a manner to make the missiles more efficient and accurate. This report presents the bright side of the AI including how AI could be used against the cyberattacks. However, it is necessary to increase the boundary of the experiments considering the dark side of such advanced technology. References Abrahms, Max, and Stephen Biddle. "Free Access Why Terrorism Does Not Work (8800 times)."International Security21, no. 1 (1996): 186-191. Betts, Richard K., ed.Conflict after the Cold War: arguments on causes of war and peace. Taylor Francis, 2017. Betz, David J.Cyberspace and the State: Towards a Strategy for Cyber-power. Routledge, 2017. Cummins, Shannon C.The Garrison Domain: Civil Military Relations in the Cyberspace Domain. AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLL MAXWELL AFB AL MAXWELL AFB United States, 2015. Dilsizian, Steven E., and Eliot L. Siegel. "Artificial intelligence in medicine and cardiac imaging: harnessing big data and advanced computing to provide personalized medical diagnosis and treatment."Current cardiology reports16, no. 1 (2014): 441. Gartzke, Erik, and Jon R. Lindsay. "Weaving tangled webs: offense, defense, and deception in cyberspace."Security Studies24, no. 2 (2015): 316-348. Gartzke, Erik. "The myth of cyberwar: bringing war in cyberspace back down to earth."International Security38, no. 2 (2013): 41-73. Harknett, Richard J., and Joseph S. Nye Jr. "Is Deterrence Possible in Cyberspace?."International Security(2017). Kasprick, Robert, Jordan Hoffman, Jeremy Straub, and Eunjin Kim. "Cyber Security Artificial Intelligence Expert System." (2016). Kitano, Hiroaki. "Biological Complexity and the Need for Computational Approaches." InPhilosophy of Systems Biology, pp. 169-180. Springer International Publishing, 2017. Kishor, N. (2017).Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Security Market to Reach $18.2 Billion by 2023: PS Market Research. [online] Houseofbots.com. Available at: https://houseofbots.com/news-detail/1419-1-artificial-intelligence-in-cyber-security-market-to-reach-dollar18.2-billion-by-2023-ps-market-research [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Kremer, Jan-Frederik, and Benedikt Mller, eds.Cyberspace and international relations: Theory, prospects and challenges. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Krittanawong, C. "The rise of artificial intelligence and the uncertain future for physicians." (2017).. Krittanawong, Chayakrit, HongJu Zhang, Zhen Wang, Mehmet Aydar, and Takeshi Kitai. "Artificial Intelligence in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine."Journal of the American College of Cardiology69, no. 21 (2017): 2657-2664. Levine, Brian A. "AI has brains--but it's no MD: artificial intelligence has uses in medicine, but will never replace doctors' intuition."Contemporary OB/GYN62, no. 4 (2017): 30-32. Lieber, K., 2014. The Offense-Defence Balance and Cyber Warfare.Cyber Analogies, pp.96-107. Medvedev, Sergei A. "Offense-defense theory analysis of Russian cyber capability." PhD diss., Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. Merat, Soorena, and Wahab Almuhtadi. "Artificial intelligence application for improving cyber-security acquirement." InElectrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on, pp. 1445-1450. IEEE, 2015. Lemaire, Vincent, Christophe Salperwyck, and Alexis Bondu. "A survey on supervised classification on data streams." InBusiness Intelligence, pp. 88-125. Springer International Publishing, 2015. Miller, Steven E., and Stephen Van Evera, eds.The Star Wars Controversy: An" International Security" Reader. Princeton University Press, 2014. Pan, Yunhe. "Heading toward artificial intelligence 2.0."Engineering2, no. 4 (2016): 409-413. Riley, S. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.houseofbots.com/pulse/introducing-darklight-gaming-changing-artificial-cyber-shawn-riley/ [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Ripsman, Norrin M., Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, and Steven E. Lobell.Neoclassical realist theory of international politics. Oxford University Press, 2016. Saltzman, Ilai. "Cyber posturing and the offense-defense balance."Contemporary Security Policy34, no. 1 (2013): 40-63. Schmidt, Charlie. "MD Anderson Breaks With IBM Watson, Raising Questions About Artificial Intelligence in Oncology."JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute109, no. 5 (2017). Shaheen, Salma. "Offensedefense balance in cyber warfare." InCyberspace and International Relations, pp. 77-93. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. Slayton, Rebecca. "What Is the Cyber Offense-Defense Balance? Conceptions, Causes, and Assessment."International Security41, no. 3 (2017): 72-109. Somashekhar, S. P., R. Kumarc, A. Rauthan, K. R. Arun, P. Patil, and Y. E. Ramya. "Abstract S6-07: Double blinded validation study to assess performance of IBM artificial intelligence platform, Watson for oncology in comparison with Manipal multidisciplinary tumour boardFirst study of 638 breast cancer cases." (2017): S6-07. Yampolskiy, Roman V., and M. S. Spellchecker. "Artificial Intelligence Safety and Cybersecurity: a Timeline of AI Failures."arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.07997(2016). Kasprick, Robert, Jordan Hoffman, Jeremy Straub, and Eunjin Kim. "Cyber Security Artificial Intelligence Expert System." (2016). Miller, Steven E., and Stephen Van Evera, eds.The Star Wars Controversy: An" International Security" Reader. Princeton University Press, 2014. Krittanawong, Chayakrit, HongJu Zhang, Zhen Wang, Mehmet Aydar, and Takeshi Kitai. "Artificial Intelligence in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine."Journal of the American College of Cardiology69, no. 21 (2017): 2657-2664. Yampolskiy, Roman V., and M. S. Spellchecker. "Artificial Intelligence Safety and Cybersecurity: a Timeline of AI Failures."arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.07997(2016). Betz, David J.Cyberspace and the State: Towards a Strategy for Cyber-power. Routledge, 2017. Lieber, K., 2014. The Offense-Defence Balance and Cyber Warfare.Cyber Analogies, pp.96-107. Gartzke, Erik. "The myth of cyberwar: bringing war in cyberspace back down to earth."International Security38, no. 2 (2013): 41-73. Saltzman, Ilai. "Cyber posturing and the offense-defense balance."Contemporary Security Policy34, no. 1 (2013): 40-63. Slayton, Rebecca. "What Is the Cyber Offense-Defense Balance? Conceptions, Causes, and Assessment."International Security41, no. 3 (2017): 72-109. Shaheen, Salma. "Offensedefense balance in cyber warfare." InCyberspace and International Relations, pp. 77-93. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. Gartzke, Erik, and Jon R. Lindsay. "Weaving tangled webs: offense, defense, and deception in cyberspace."Security Studies24, no. 2 (2015): 316-348. Lemaire, Vincent, Christophe Salperwyck, and Alexis Bondu. "A survey on supervised classification on data streams." InBusiness Intelligence, pp. 88-125. Springer International Publishing, 2015. Cummins, Shannon C.The Garrison Domain: Civil Military Relations in the Cyberspace Domain. AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLL MAXWELL AFB AL MAXWELL AFB United States, 2015. Pan, Yunhe. "Heading toward artificial intelligence 2.0."Engineering2, no. 4 (2016): 409-413. Harknett, Richard J., and Joseph S. Nye Jr. "Is Deterrence Possible in Cyberspace?."International Security(2017) Schmidt, Charlie. "MD Anderson Breaks With IBM Watson, Raising Questions About Artificial Intelligence in Oncology."JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute109, no. 5 (2017). Somashekhar, S. P., R. Kumarc, A. Rauthan, K. R. Arun, P. Patil, and Y. E. Ramya. "Abstract S6-07: Double blinded validation study to assess performance of IBM artificial intelligence platform, Watson for oncology in comparison with Manipal multidisciplinary tumour boardFirst study of 638 breast cancer cases." (2017): S6-07. Dilsizian, Steven E., and Eliot L. Siegel. "Artificial intelligence in medicine and cardiac imaging: harnessing big data and advanced computing to provide personalized medical diagnosis and treatment."Current cardiology reports16, no. 1 (2014): 441. Levine, Brian A. "AI has brains--but it's no MD: artificial intelligence has uses in medicine, but will never replace doctors' intuition."Contemporary OB/GYN62, no. 4 (2017): 30-32. Ripsman, Norrin M., Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, and Steven E. Lobell.Neoclassical realist theory of international politics. Oxford University Press, 2016. Merat, Soorena, and Wahab Almuhtadi. "Artificial intelligence application for improving cyber-security acquirement." InElectrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on, pp. 1445-1450. IEEE, 2015. Krittanawong, C. "The rise of artificial intelligence and the uncertain future for physicians." (2017).. Riley, S. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.houseofbots.com/pulse/introducing-darklight-gaming-changing-artificial-cyber-shawn-riley/ [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Betts, Richard K., ed.Conflict after the Cold War: arguments on causes of war and peace. Taylor Francis, 2017. Medvedev, Sergei A. "Offense-defense theory analysis of Russian cyber capability." PhD diss., Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. Kishor, N. (2017).Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Security Market to Reach $18.2 Billion by 2023: PS Market Research. [online] Houseofbots.com. Available at: https://houseofbots.com/news-detail/1419-1-artificial-intelligence-in-cyber-security-market-to-reach-dollar18.2-billion-by-2023-ps-market-research [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Abrahms, Max, and Stephen Biddle. "Free Access Why Terrorism Does Not Work (8800 times)."International Security21, no. 1 (1996): 186-191. Kitano, Hiroaki. "Biological Complexity and the Need for Computational Approaches." InPhilosophy of Systems Biology, pp. 169-180. Springer International Publishing, 2017.

Twelfth Night Act 3 Scene 4 Essay Example For Students

Twelfth Night Act 3 Scene 4 Essay When Malvolio enters in Act 3 Scene 4 the audience are in anticipation as to how he will be dressed and how he acts. They were told two scenes previously that he is dressed most villainously, in cross-gartered yellow stockings. There is a short scene separating the two in which the audiences excitement and anticipation grows. Their imagination will have conjured up vivid images of what they expect him to look like; because of this it is important that it is not anti-climactic. As he enters he is skipping, head held high, a transformed character. He is no longer the drab depressive puritan that he was, a complete contrast. When he says, Sweet lady, ho, ho! to Olivia, he bows down as if addressing royalty, and his voice is higher than usual, almost singsong. Olivia is bemused by this, not knowing what could be responsible for such a dramatic change of character. She, of course, is completely ignorant of the letter she had supposedly written to him. She questions him about his merriness, because she had sent for him to calm her down, to remind her of her sadness at her brothers death. He replies that he could be sad because the cross gartering does make some obstruction in the blood, but that he could not be sad because it pleases her. When he is saying this he lifts up his leg to show the stockings. This would amuse the audience because he is a straight-laced puritan, who had appeared to be against anything remotely fun, and now he is strutting around in garish yellow cross-gartered stockings. We will write a custom essay on Twelfth Night Act 3 Scene 4 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Deep down, of course, Malvolio feels a complete imbecile who looks completely ridiculous, but does it because he believes that it pleases Olivia. This may cause the audience to feel sorry for him, but at this stage in the play they have grown to detest his pompous, self-opinionated manner. As the scene goes on, Malvolio gains more and more confidence, there is no doubt in his mind that Olivia wants him. This thinking is fuelled when Olivia, concerned that he is not well (due to his behaviour), says Wilt thou go to bed, Malvolio? He thinks this as a sexual invitation, which again, would amuse the audience. For a brief moment he reverts back to his old way of thinking and exclaims to bed? However, he soon recovers and sys Ay, sweetheart, Ill come to thee. By now Olivia is becoming more and more concerned. She begins to back away from Malvolio, unsettled by his unpredictability. Not long ago she had called for him to depress her, now he thinks she wants her to go to bed with him! The audience would be in raptures by this point. Olivia responds in a stammered manner, God comfort thee!, as if he is suffering from some kind of mind-deteriorating illness, and wants God to cure him of it. As the scene progresses Malvolio acts increasingly sycophantic towards Olivia. He begins to quote form the letter he believes that she wrote for him. He emphasises the word great, which is in most of the quotes he uses. This shows the audience that he has spent hours pouring over the letter, learning it word for word, as if it was his most prized possession. He recites the quotes with growing aplomb. As he says them his eyes are closed and his arms are gesturing upwards, trying to show Olivia what the letter meant for him. Olivias bemusement turns to bewilderment, which in turn a lead to a hint of being frightened of what he is going to do next. She responds in a startled manner to his quotes, saying ha?, what sayst thou? and heaven restore thee!. As if some demonic force that is causing him to act in this way possesses him. .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 , .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 .postImageUrl , .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 , .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18:hover , .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18:visited , .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18:active { border:0!important; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18:active , .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18 .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u53d12133788b4d9b825cb762b2662e18:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Midsummers Night Dream1 EssayWhen a servant enters to speak with Olivia, she takes the opportunity to leave, to get away from the mad Malvolio. The audience will remember this scene long after the play. They find Malvolios arrogance, pomposity and vanity amusing. They like to see him made fun of, as Maria undoubtedly does during the scene, exclaiming in shock at Malvolios misunderstanding of Olivia telling him to go to bed.

Biotic Organism ID essays

Biotic Organism ID essays The Osprey is usually 21-24 in length. Its wingspan is usually 46-6. It has a brown back and white belly. The Ospreys head is white with a dark line through the eye and on the side of the face. It is found near lakes, rivers and seacoasts. The osprey was observed on a bird watching trip on September 22, 2001, between the times of 10:00 am and 10:30 pm. Mr. Russell Kovach, as well as myself saw the bird resting on power lines over the water on the lower side of the Conowingo Dam 1. Known as the Fish Hawk 2. Often misidentified, because at a distance the Osprey resembles a gull. 3. Once a fish is sighted, the osprey dives steeply and sometimes completely underwater to make a catch. 4. If an osprey makes a catch, it always adjusts the fish in its talons, so that the head of the fish faces forward. 5. Population declined drastically because of pesticides used in the 50s and 60s, but has since made a remarkable recovery The Cedar Waxwing is usually 6Â ½-8 in length. The cedar waxwing is a sleek, crested, brown bird. It has a black face, yellow tips on its tail, and red wax-like tips on its secondary wingtips. It is found near open woodlands, residential areas, as well as near orchards. Inhabits areas from mid-Canada through America. The cedar Waxwing was spotted on a bird watching trip on September 22, 2001, around 9:00 am. The bird was seen on a shedding tree located on the outskirts of the dense woods of Susquehanna State Park by Mr. Kovach, as well as myself. 1. Waxwings spend most of their time in flocks whose movements are quite erratic. 2. Enemy of Berry Farmers, because hundreds will appear at a crop of berries and eat until the entire crop is exhausted 3. Adults store food for their young in a crop, a pouch located in the throat, and are able to regurgitate as many as 30 ...

GDP and the Business Cycle Economic Health Memo Term Paper

GDP and the Business Cycle Economic Health Memo - Term Paper Example The business cycle, predictive statistics and government policy are obviously all intertwined. GDP and the business cycle are closely tied together. But how much? Is GDP actually good at predicting the future of the market? And what do the commensurate fiscal policies do to the economy? GDP is different from GNP. GDP is the domestic product: It is all the things and services that were produced domestically, no matter who owned them, even if it was foreign buyers. GNP, meanwhile, is the amount held by the nation, including the value of its overseas investment. GDP is about the borders of the nation, GNP about the national ownership. But both are used to predict the business cycle. GDP is designed to help firms manage uncertainty (Roubini). By getting a feeling for how the whole economy is doing, business managers can decide whether or not to pursue risky policies or batten the hatches and wait for things to get better. In general, markets go through boom-bust cycles about every twenty years (Mead, 1992). Knowing how GDP is doing now helps to predict if we're in a boom or a bust, which is important to the business cycle. However, GDP's value as an economic indicator, and therefore a predictor of the business cycle, is coming under attack now. Roubini, for example, points out that, â€Å"The best advice I can give you is to realize that there is an unavoidable amount of uncertainty in the economy. This is even more true of firms and their financial statements. So what do we do? My choice is to get out of this game altogether, but not everyone has this option---a firm, for example, has to forge ahead the best it can. The first thing you should know is that there's a lot of uncertainty out there, and no amount of commercial forecasting is going to change that†. Roubini is saying that GDP isn't ever for certain: It can be determined one year then the same year can be revised a whole percentage point later! It's hard to predict things like wars or terrorist att acks. In fact, GDP is very easy to â€Å"game† (Ritholtz, 2010). â€Å"[Y]ou simply under-report inflation, and GDP appears to be better than it is†. Since inflation depends on counting the value of a good last year, and doing so across many goods to make sure that it's not just one or two goods that grew in price for other reasons, there's a lot of subjectivity and uncertainty in making it. GDP is also not as helpful as it could be because it positively counts negative externalities (Ritholtz, 2010). That means that pollution, which is a bad thing, is counted as a good thing because it makes people spend money to go to the doctor or buy new houses to move. â€Å"If you buy a car, the GDP goes up. If you cut a tree, the GDP goes up. But if you preserve the tree, the GDP does not grow. Now you have to decide whether you need the tree or the GDP† (Sharma, 2010). Thus, it is hard to use the GDP to predict the business cycle, and economists are looking for a better indicator of economic health. Fiscal policies are guided by economic facts and by measures like the GDP: As we've seen already, the GDP's inadequacies can cause lawmakers concerned only with increasing the GDP to increase externalities such as injured workers, ecological damage and health costs as a byproduct, and not reap the consequences or even be aware of them. But what about fiscal policy and unemployment? The jury is out as to whether reducing or increasing taxes, reducing or increasing spending, etc. is better for production and employment. A major Heritage Foundation study finds that â€Å"a large and growing government is not conducive to better economic performance. Indeed, reducing the size of government would lead to higher incomes and improve America's competitiveness† (Mitchell, 2005). Mitchell cites a Rahn curve, which says that there's a curve in tax revenue between 0 and 100%. The theory is simple: If you tax 100% of income, no one produces anything; but if y ou tax 0%, the government

Mobile phone dependency Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Mobile phone dependency - Research Paper Example The evolution has occurred, and a series of changes have enabled the modern modes of communication, where technology is the aspect that is driving communication. In the presence, age gadgets are been used to pass messages instead of having to deliver the message to the intended parties. With this development, much have changed from the way people communicate to the language used to pass this messages. In the past, the mode of delivering information was essentially formal, and much respect was accorded to the communication, mostly when it came to face to face, among people of different ages. There are different means to communicate, where the variation is based on the method of sending, transmitting and receiving the message. Technology has far much affected the way of communication in the greatest means. In this age, people have adapted news means of transmission which allow messages to be encoded in the electronic devices and sent through the devices (Jin & Park 2010). Communication through digital devices is considered fast and time-saving, thus the reason the y- generation finds it preferable. Here, it takes a fraction of a minute to encode the information into the gadget, such as through text messages. Then, the message is instantly transferred to the recipient via the internet connection or GSM connection. On the other hand, Thulin and Vilhelson (2010) states that the messenger could take more than a day to deliver a message from one village to the other in the 1000 BC. Currently, it may take many hours to travel to the recipient, in order to deliver the message via face-to-face method. The digital communication is also considered cheap compared to voice to voice communication. In the text and social media communication, the cost of transport is cut to zero because the distance between the parties is not a factor that

Econometrics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Econometrics - Assignment Example It therefore demonstrated beyond any reasonable doubt that the availability of married females in the work place was directly proportional to the size of their families. This could be explained by the competition for time brought about by the existence of families, Such that the woman had to make a choice between taking care of the family and coming to work. Question B The estimated logit model had a lot of resemblance to the LMP in terms of statistical significance and estimated coefficients. The few deviation (variations) were identified in cases where the females involved had some sought of secondary education. Weather this was as a result of better time management skills learnt in school or not is a subject of debate which can be investigated further but what is certainly true is that the level of education had an impact on the availability of married females at the work place. Question C An increase in a married female’s education had a substantial impact on the estimated logit model. The deviation from the logit model caused by an increase in female’s education was up to a maximum of three and a minimum of one. This was very evident from the resultant patterns plotted by the graphs. This confirmed the previous hypothesis that the level of education of a married female had a significant impact on their availability in the work place. The amount of money earned by other family members in the family was found to have a marginal impact on the logit model but the impact was not of statistical significance. It therefore appeared as though the amount of time the women put in to their work did not depend on the availability or increase of other sources of income brought into the family by other members of the family. Regression Model 2, Question D The Tobit model was to investigate weather the various variables had an impact on the amount time married women spent at work. The main variable to be investigated here was the size of the families that th ese females were responsible over. The model and the associated variable focuses on the availability of married females in the labor force, it was expected that their level of availability would be dependant on the size of their families indicated by the number of children they had. Such that, the more the children, the bigger the family thus less participation at the work place. On the logit model, the inlf coefficient was therefore expected to be inversely proportional to the kid_s and kid_m coefficients. The expected signs were realized and they were of statistical significance. The coefficients demonstrated the effect of large families on the amount of hours married females spent at work. It was noted that women with relatively smaller families spent more time at work than those with larger families. Question E There was statistically significant difference in the estimated coefficients between the Tobit and the OLS estimations which were very much expected. The differences were evident I both the signs they plotted and the magnitude of those signs. This led to the confirmation of the previously stated hypotheses namely, that is increased education and reduced families enhanced the availability of married females at work. The other hypothesis was that increase in alternative incomes by other family members had a negative impact on the availabili

History of Gout Research

History of Gout Research Hyperuricemia is a biochemical defect distinguished by Serum uric acid (sUA) level greater than 6.8mg/dl (Sunkureddi et al. 2006). In majority of cases (90%), hyperuricemia arise due to reduced excretion of uric acid by kidneys, whereas in residual cases (10%), there is enlarged production of uric acid (Canella et al. 2005). . Gout is an illness that is correlated to overload synthesis, and deposition of uric acid crystals. These crystals form secondary to hyperuricemia that is a serum urate concentration greater than 0.42 mmol/L (Eggebeen et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2008). Hyperuricemia and gout are significantly high risks for kidney or bladder stones (urolithiasis).The prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia among US adults in 2007–2008 was 3.9% (Zhu et al. 2011) while 18% observed in the German population (Mikuls et al. 2007). They are highly prevalent and have treatment preposition beyond the care of inflamed joints. Gouty arthritis were amongst the initial disease to be documented in clinical entity, Identified by the Egyptians in 2640 BC (Nuki et al. 2006), podagra (acute gout stirring in the first metatarsophalangeal joint) was later on recognized by Hippocrates in the fifth century BC, who termed as ‘the unwalkable disease’. Some of Hippocrates’ outstanding clinical perception in relation to gout are potted in aphorisms, which are as accurate today as they were 2500 years ago (Hippocrates et al. 1886). Hippocrates also distinguished the connection between the disease and an unbalanced lifestyle referring to podagra as ‘arthritis of the rich’, as contrasting to rheumatism, an arthritis of the deprived people There are the four differents stages that medical professionals use to classify for the gout. The Asymptomatic gout, The Acute gout ,The Chronic goutand The Interval or intercritical goutIn asymptomatic goutthere is increase in the level of uric acid with the complaint of increase in the pain in the joints and there is no more symptoms. In acute gout this patients have too much pain in their joints and there is a swelling and assiated with the redness of joints.90% of patients have attack on their big toe. Other joints involved are ankle,midfoot heel and knee but any joints can be involved. The attack with gout can be resolved within one or two days. In the interval gout stage there is acute gouty flares and the patients has no symptoms.there is increase in the number of gouty attack if the uric acid level below 6 mg/dl .the most of patients have attack but they have never exprinced another attack of gout, Chornic gout develops because of high level of uric acid in their body for man y years.firm nodular swelling is called tophi.the tophi can occurs anywhere the most common location are antihelix and helix of ear,digits of feet and hands. (Hench et al.1936; Nakayama et al. 1984). It is estimated that the incidence and prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the USA are over 6 and 42 million, respectively, with a progressively increasing pattern and affecting mainly men over the age of 40 years (Lawrence et al. 2008). The rate of gout in African living in America is generally about 13% of the US population, and is double in comparison with Caucasians to develop gout. In a prospective cohort study, young men 571 Caucasian and 352 African living in America were followed for a mean duration of 29 years. The growing incidence of gout in these 2 cohorts was 5.8% and 10.9%, correspondingly. Yet, African living in America represent only 10% of the patients treated for gout.(Alvin et al2012) All the way through history gout has been linked with rich foods and extreme alcohol consumption. Because it is evidently connected with a way of life that, at least in the past, could only be afforded bythe rich, gout has been referred to as the ‘disease of kings’. In some eras gout was apparent as publicly desirable because of its occurrence among the politically and socially influential people. In his typical monograph on the history of gout (Copeman et al. 1964), Copeman refers to a comment in the London Timesin 1900, â€Å"The common cold is well named, but the gout seems right away to lift up the patient’s social status†, and to another in Punch in 1964, â€Å"In observance with the spirit of moredemocratic times, gout is becoming less upper-class and is now open to all. It is preposterous that a man should be barred from enjoying gout because he went to the wrong school.† In history, gout has been well thought-out to be primarily a male disease, But actuality that women can also develop gout was first documented through the reign of Nero (AD 54–68) by Seneca, who observed, in this age, women competitor men in every kind of lasciviousness. Why require we then be astonished at considering so many of the female sex afflicted with the gout (Froster et al 1979). In the current era, although gout remains first and foremost a disease of men in middle age, it has turn out to be more and more frequent in women, predominantly after the menopause.( Hench et al.1936; Nakayama et al. 1984). The ancestral connection of gout was documented hundreds of years ago but important the exact genetic mechanisms weren’t achievable until the arrival of modern genetic tools. Gout was incorporated as an inherited disorder in the seminal work of Archibald E. Garrod in his 1931 publication on inborn errors in metabolism. Garrod well thought-out gout to be a dominantly inherited trait.(Gray et al 2012) In earlier times, attacks of gout were also seen as a prophylactic against more serious diseases. According to the writer Horace Walpole gout â€Å"prevents other illnesses and prolongs life might I treat that gout, should not I have a fever, palsy (Lewis et al. 1873),. In recent decades, however, the diet and lifestyle that predispose persons to hyperuricemia and gout have become all the time more common. The role of excess nutritional purines (derived from meat, seafood, and beer) in the progress of gout is illustrated by the difference between the incidence of gout in Asia and Europe. Traditional Asian diets, based on rice and vegetables, are small in dietary purines, and gout has been moderately rare in these cultures. In contrast, European and American diets, which are high in meat and definite sea foods, are linked with hyperuricemia and gout (Choi et al. 200; Zollner et al. 1973). Rising affluence has also led to an increase in the figure of people following a westernized diet and lifestyle, and this has been paralleled by an increase in the occurrence and incidence of gout throughout the world. Purines are machinery of nucleosides, the structure blocks of DNA and RNA. Purine nucleosides are used in the formation of other metabolically significant factors as well, such asadensosinetriphosphate, S-adeneosylmethione, and nicotineadeninedinucleotide. Given the significance of purine-containing molecules for continued existence, vertebrates, including humans, have developed robust mechanism for producing enough purine nucleosides for their metabolism using willingly available materials (such as glucose, glycine, and glutamine), as well as recycling purine nucleosides from all through the body or from the diet (Richette et al; Wilson et al. 2010). Purines can be divided into two types Endogenouspurines are manufactured within human cells. And exogenouspurines are obtained from foods. In mammals, surplus purine nucleosides are detached from the body by collapse in the liver and excretion from the kidneys. For most mammals, the purines are first transformed into the transitional uric acid, which is then metabolized by the enzymeuricaseinto the compound allantoin. Allantoin is a very soluble compound that can without difficulty pass through the bloodstream, become clean by the kidneys, and be excreted from the body. In dissimilarity to other mammals, humans and other primates lack a serviceable uricase enzyme, and can only break purines down into uric acid. The procedure of breaking down purines results in the configuration of uric acid in the humans body is not as easy to detached, because human body lack uricase, and that can build up in body tissues. The levels of uric acid in the blood depend on 2 factors. The first is the rate of uric acid synthesis in the liver. While uric acid consequences from purine degradation, its levels are influenced by both the amount of purines synthesized in the body, as well as the amounts of purines absorbed from the diet The second determinant of blood uric acid levels is the rate of uric acid excretion from the kidneys. The residual uric acid travels all the way through the intestines, where bacteria help break it down (Richette et al. 2010). Excretion has the maximum effect on blood uric acid levels, with about 90% of hyperuricemia cases attributed to impaired renal excretion (Choi et al. 2005). Impaired excretion is most often due to abnormality in the kidney urate carrier or organic ion transporter, both of which control the movement of uric acid out of proximal kidney tubules and into urine (Enomoto A et al. 2002). The treatment of gout consists of controlling the pain, Reducing the serum urate levels, changing unhealthy life styles, preventing the complications of chronic gout. (Schumacher et al 2008) By changing the life style because unhealthy life style will result increase hypertension,hyperlipidemia and obesity,by controlling diet of purine consumption causes significant decrease in the serum urate level but the greater decrease is seen in those patients who have stop the alcohol consumption in their diet (choi et al 2005) There are number of ways to reduced the sUA level.the best way is too control the diet,but sometime along with the drugs.sometime these drug are very effective and reduced the sUA very quickly. (choi hk et al 2008) Following drugs are also used to lower sUA level urate levels: Uricosuric agents (ii) Allopurinol and Febuxostat: Uricosuric agents:  Two drugs that belong to this group are benzbromane and probencid.these two are weal organic acid and lower the sUA level,by inhibition of tublar rebsorptionof urate in the renal tubular system and increasing uric acid in the urine. These agents are indicated when the renal execration of urate are decreased.it is contraindicated in patient with renal calculi(Alvin et al 2012). Two drugs that belong to xanthine oxidiase inhibitor are Allopurinol and Febuxostat. Xanthine oxidase inhibitor along with uricosuric agent are used to increase the urinary execration of urate .The two drugs Febuxostat and Allopurinolare used to lower the sUA level and their Xanthine oxidase xanthine oxidase is the only enzyme that break down the purine bases and catalyze the conservation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and the xanthine to uric acid .then uric acid normally excerated .this enzyme deficiency is may be due to the gentic factor, sometime more consumtion of purine food and less production of enzyme.If any drug that is metabolized by xanthine oxidased,its action is increased by Allopurinol drug llike mercaptopurine FEBUXOSTAT: Febuxostatis a urate decreasing drug and inhibitor of xanthine oxidase so that is used in the treatment of hyperuricemia and chronic gout (Grosser T et al. 2011). Febuxostat was approved by the European Medicines Agency on April 21, 2008and after one year it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on February 16, 2009 Febuxostat lowers sUA concentrations by acting on the purine catabolism, the mechanism of action is oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid(Becker et al. 2005). . it is structurally quite different from Allopurinol, has an different mechanism of action on enzyme inhibition, and is more potent.Unlike Allopurinol, that undergoes oxidation to the active metabolite oxypurinol and interacts chemically with the molybdenum center of xanthine oxidase, Febuxostat remains unchanged and inhibits xanthine oxidase by binding in a narrow channel leading to the molybdenum center of the enzyme. By this mechanism, Febuxostat is able to inhibit both the reduced and oxidized form of xanthine oxidase to produce sustained reductions in sUA levels. (Beckar et al 2010) The capability of humans and primates to protect blood levels of uric acid (due to slow kidney filtration and lack of a uricase enzyme) was probably useful to our evolution, by increasing antioxidant capacity of the blood (Alvarez-Lario et al. 2011). Vitamin.C Humans and primates are one of the few mammals that cannot produce their own vitamin c( vit.c), and may have evolve the capability to protect uric acid to reimburse for this (Hediger MA et al. 2002). For example, blood uric acid levels in humans are in general about 6 times that of vit.c, and about ten times the levels in other mammals (Roch-Ramel F et al. 1999). Like vit.c, uric acid has a principle role in shielding high-oxygen tissues (like the brain) from spoil, and low blood uric acid levels have been linked with the succession or greater than before risk of more than a few neurological disorders, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Keizmann D et al. 2009), Multiple sclerosis (Rentzos M et al. 2006), and Huntingtons (Auinger P et al. 2010), Parkinsons (Andreadou E et al. 2009), and Alzheimers diseases (Kim TS et al. 2006).

News Events in Television History :: essays papers

News Events in Television History News Events in the History of TV In chronicling the past 50 years of television, the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences includes many clips from historical events that were carried on television. Including these news events is appropriate to the history of television because the advent of this technology brought the nation and world together in times of tragedy and joy via the 'global village' created by this medium. The events that changed our world also changed the world of television. It can be argued that it is not necessary to include world events when discussing the history of television, simply because they were not created for television, but television created programming to include it, but this is a narrow-minded view of the medium that is television. The fact that the entire world was able to be brought together and be educated about world news at the same time was a revolutionary thing. Rather than television changing the course of human events, human events changed the direction in which television programming was headed. Prior to television, people found out about happenings through word of mouth, or newspapers at best. This new media source brought a sense of immediacy to current events. The inclusion of the assassination of John F. Kennedy in the montage from the Emmy awards shows a critical turning point in television news. Prior to this event, news on television was not as important to citizens because nothing so monumental had been broadcast that affected as many people. This changed the basis of television news from small, local, everyday events, to coverage of worldwide occurrences that had a deep impact on everyone. Some may argue that these news events should not have been included in such a short montage of the history of television. Clips from such events as the Vietnam War and the crash of the space shuttle Challenger were not part of television. They were part of the military history and NASA, respectively. Simply because they were broadcast on television does not make them part of television history. Television began as an entertainment medium, and continues to entertain as a primary function. The broadcast of news events is part of television, but should not be considered so important as to be included in such a compact history.